Metal ions were replaced in the Sn lattice, as shown by Fe and Ni co-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles. The average particle size of pure and co-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles was determined to be around 52 nm and 15 nm, and SnO 2 crystallites were observed to present tetragonal rutile structure with space group P 42/mmm (No.136). X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray techniques (EDX) were used to examine the materials' structural, chemical, optical, morphological, and anti-microbial capabilities. By employing SnCl 2♲H 2O and the transition metal precursors FeCl 3 and NiCl 2♶H 2O with various Fe/Ni molar ratios, thermal annealing was carried out at a high temperature (700 ☌). In this investigation, ferric (Fe) and nickel (Ni) co-doped tin oxide (SnO 2) nanoparticles structural, optical, morphological, and antibacterial characteristics were synthesised, characterised, and examined.
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